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Soil

Recognise a fertile soil and the plants that signal one, explain what lowers fertility on Rwanda's hillsides, diagnose nutrient deficiencies from leaf symptoms, make compost and farmyard manure, and calculate fertiliser rates from a bag label.

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Mushrooms

Understand what mushrooms are and how they are propagated from spawn, prepare clean oyster-mushroom tubes from farm residues, then run the growing room, harvest, control diseases and pests, and work out whether a mushroom enterprise pays.

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Fruits

Explain why fruit growing matters in Rwanda and which fruits suit which areas, propagate fruit trees by seed and vegetative methods, graft avocado and bud citrus, plan and manage an orchard, and preserve and process fruit to cut losses and add value.

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Legumes

Name and classify the legumes grown in Rwanda, explain how nitrogen fixation makes them vital for food and soil, grow beans, soybean and groundnut with good field practices, and handle soybean and groundnut after harvest safely, including preventing aflatoxin.

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Ruminants

Identify the cattle, goat and sheep breeds kept in Rwanda and explain how the ruminant stomach works, choose a breed to suit a farm, build proper shelter, feed with roughages, concentrates, hay and silage, and prevent disease through vaccination, tick and worm control and farm sanitation.

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Livestock Products

Explain why livestock products spoil and why they must be preserved, then preserve milk, meat, hides and skins, pig products and by-products, eggs and poultry and rabbit products safely, as farmers and milk collection centres do in Rwanda.

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Problems and Solutions of Agriculture in Rwanda

Explain the main problems facing agriculture in Rwanda (land pressure and fragmentation, soil erosion and landslides, climate variability, pests and diseases, post-harvest losses, and poor access to credit and markets) and evaluate the solutions in use: terracing, land use consolidation, irrigation, improved seed, the Crop Intensification Programme, cooperatives, crop insurance and Twigire Muhinzi extension.

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