Fundamental Principles of the Rwandan State

Read Article 10 of the Constitution as a historian would: where each of the six principles came from, why it matters, who upholds it, and how well it is upheld today.

2

Forms of Slave Trade

Compare the trans-Saharan, trans-Atlantic and East African long-distance trades in enslaved people: how each began and worked, what it did to Africa, and why it ended. Built on the estimates historians use and the voices of the time.

3

Major European Events from 1849 to 1878

Follow how Italy and Germany became nation-states, and how the decline of the Ottoman Empire drew the great powers into the Greek revolt, the Syrian crises, the Crimean War and the Congress of Berlin.

4

The First World War (1914-1918)

Analyse why the July Crisis of 1914 became a world war, how the war was fought in Europe and in Africa, including in Rwanda, what it changed, and whether the Treaty of Versailles made a lasting peace.

5

The Inter-War Period (1920-1939)

Assess the League of Nations and the mandate that brought Ruanda-Urundi under Belgian rule, the world Depression of 1929–35, and the rise of Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany, ending with the policy of appeasement.

6

The Second World War (1939-1945)

Weigh the causes of the Second World War, follow its course in Europe, Asia and Africa, study the Holocaust, examine Africa's and Ruanda-Urundi's part in the war, and assess its consequences: the United Nations, decolonisation and the Cold War.

7

The Rise of African Nationalism

Explain what drove African nationalism after 1945, compare the means and channels Africans used to win independence, analyse six case studies (Ghana, Zambia, Kenya, Algeria, the Congo and South Africa) and evaluate what independence meant for African societies.

8

Genocide Prevention in Rwanda and Abroad

Analyse the legal meaning of genocide and the factors and practices that lead to it, recognise early warning signs, compare the types of genocide prevention in Rwanda and worldwide, and evaluate the challenges of prevention, in the spirit of "Never again".

9

Neocolonialism in Africa

Explain what neo-colonialism is and why it arose after independence, identify its indicators and manifestations, weigh the part played by African leaders and elites, and evaluate its consequences and Africa's responses, including Rwanda's.

10

The Role of Democracy and Justice in the Transformation of the Rwandan Society

Define democracy and justice, compare their features, principles and forms, examine how democracy is preserved and justice maintained in Rwanda, study democracy in Tanzania and Kenya, and assess what democracy and justice have contributed to rebuilding Rwandan society.

11

Conflict Prevention and Resolution

Identify the national and international organs and actors that prevent and resolve conflicts, assess the roles of the international community, regional organisations and NGOs, compare the ways of preventing and resolving conflicts and of intervening in them, and evaluate the challenges, as a basis for peacebuilding.

Units