Ledger and Trial Balance

What a ledger is and how its accounts are grouped into the sales, purchases and general ledgers; posting every entry from the books of prime entry by double entry; balancing off accounts with balances carried down and brought down; and extracting a trial balance, with what it proves, what it cannot prove and which errors it does and does not reveal.

2

Financial Statements

What financial statements are, why a business prepares them and who reads them; preparing a sole trader's income statement (trading and profit and loss sections) and balance sheet from a trial balance, with closing stock, returns, carriage, goods taken by the owner, and accrued and prepaid items; and preparing a cash flow statement by the direct method, month by month.

3

Environmental Impact Assessment

Why the environment matters to every business and which parts of it businesses affect; what an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is, why it is required and who takes part; the EIA procedure in Rwanda under Law N° 48 of 2018 on environment, from application and screening to the certificate and environmental audit; and what an EIA report contains, with a worked case.

4

Business Plan Pitch

What a business plan pitch is, its types and why it matters; preparing a pitch around the items investors and lenders look for; pitching techniques and the GEPIC pitching process, with a worked example pitch scored against a rubric; and what to do after pitching, from follow-up and feedback to negotiating an offer, with the Rwandan institutions that support entrepreneurs.

5

Taxes and Customs Procedures

Tax concepts and the taxes a business meets in Rwanda, with the role of taxes; computing VAT along a chain and in a monthly position, and the difference between zero-rated and exempt supplies; computing PAYE and personal income tax band by band, with marginal and average rates; customs, customs offices, documents and customs value; and the steps of a customs declaration, with the duties and taxes due at import.

6

Financial Markets

The meaning, functions and types of financial markets, with saving, investing, compound growth and inflation; Rwanda's capital market, its regulator the CMA, the Rwanda Stock Exchange and its listed companies, and the benefits and tax advantages of investing through it; capital market instruments (shares, bonds, unit trusts, REITs and ETFs) and the ratios used to judge them; and the step-by-step path to investing on the RSE, with the real cost and return of a trade.

7

Stock Control

What stock is, the costs of holding too much or too little, and setting reorder, buffer and maximum levels with a stock control chart and the economic order quantity; the documents that trace stock from requisition to payment, the bin card and the three-way match; perpetual and periodic inventory systems, cost of goods sold, shrinkage and the gross profit method; and valuing stock by FIFO, LIFO and weighted average cost, with the lower of cost and net realisable value.

8

Workplace Behaviour, Safety and Health

Key concepts of workplace behaviour, safety and health, with the behaviours, attitudes and legal duties of employees and employers under Rwanda's labour law; safety, health and hygiene practices, PPE and safety signs; workplace hazards, risk assessment, the risk matrix and the hierarchy of controls; responding to workplace emergencies, from fire to first aid and CPR; and staying healthy at work through posture, activity, rest and managing stress.

Units