Conflict and Violence
Senior 1 · History and Citizenship
Conflict and Violence
Lesson 5 of 5
25 min
Conflict and violence are not only matters for governments. They happen in every school. In 2019 UNESCO, the United Nations organisation for education, published data from surveys of students in 144 countries and territories. Figure 6 shows two of its findings.
Worked example: reading a data diagram
Definition
Bullying: repeated, deliberate behaviour by a person or group that hurts or frightens someone who finds it hard to defend himself or herself. The three signs are: it is on purpose, it happens again and again, and there is an imbalance of power.
Definition
Cyberbullying: bullying through phones or the internet, such as insulting messages, sharing embarrassing photos, or leaving someone out of a group chat on purpose.
Definition
Bystander: a person who sees bullying or violence but does not take part and does nothing to stop it.
Definition
Upstander: a person who sees bullying or injustice and acts safely to stop it or to help the target.
Definition
Peer mediation: a way of settling disputes at school in which trained pupils help other pupils to talk and find their own solution.
Definition
I-message: a way of speaking about a problem without blaming: "I feel ... when ... because ... . I would like ... ." It describes your feelings and needs instead of attacking the other person.
Most bullying happens in front of other pupils. What those bystanders do can stop it or make it worse. Figure 7 shows safe choices.
Important
Worked example: turning blame into an I-message
Blaming: "You always ruin my things! You are so careless!"
Result: "I feel upset when my calculator comes back with a cracked screen, because I need it for the examination next week. I would like us to agree how to get it repaired." The other person hears a problem to solve, not an attack to defend against.
Work in groups. Each group takes one scenario, prepares for ten minutes, and performs it for the class in three minutes. Act out words and choices only: never act out hitting or pushing. Then swap roles and perform it again.
| Scenario | Situation | Roles | Your task |
|---|---|---|---|
| A. The broken calculator (dispute) | Ishimwe lent Mugisha his calculator before a mathematics test. It came back with a cracked screen. Mugisha says it was already damaged; Ishimwe says Mugisha dropped it. | Ishimwe; Mugisha; Keza, a peer mediator | Keza guides the two through the six mediation steps of Lesson 3. Each side must use at least one I-message. Agree a fair solution. |
| B. The class group chat (psychological violence online) | Someone posted a funny edited photo of Mutesi in the class group chat. Others added laughing faces and jokes about her shoes. Mutesi stopped coming to break time. | Mutesi; Gatete, who posted it; two classmates who saw it; the class teacher | The classmates practise the upstander steps of Figure 7. The teacher then leads a restorative conversation: What happened? Who was harmed? What will put it right? |
| C. The football pitch (group conflict) | At every break, S1 and S2 pupils argue over the only football pitch. Yesterday the argument became pushing. | the two class captains; a prefect as mediator | Negotiate an agreement that both classes accept, for example a weekly timetable, and decide how to keep to it. |
| D. The new pupil (exclusion) | Uwase joined the school from another district in the middle of the term. For three weeks no group has let her join their project work. | Uwase; three members of a project group; Niyonzima, who notices | Use dialogue: the group explains its fears, Uwase explains how she feels, and together they agree how she can join. |
After each role-play, discuss: How did each character feel at the start and at the end? Which step of Figure 4 or Figure 7 changed the situation? What root cause (Lesson 2) was behind the conflict, and did the solution deal with it?
"Bullying is only the bully's fault." Do you agree? Think about the role of bystanders, of school rules, and of the school's culture. Link your answer to the violence triangle in Lesson 1.
Tip
Memory hook for upstanders: "Don't laugh, speak up, back up, report." And for any quarrel: use an I-message before you use your voice at full volume.
The Whitaker Peace & Development Initiative: "The Peer Mediation Process". Watch how the peer mediators guide two pupils through six steps, and note the listening skills they use (reframing, reflecting and summarising). Use them in role-play A.
Practice
Further reading for this unit
Sources and credits