Maamkizi na Utambulisho
Senior 1 · Kiswahili
Maamkizi na Utambulisho
Lesson 1 of 4
25 min
Katika Afrika Mashariki, mazungumzo yote huanza kwa maamkizi (greetings). Mtu anayeanza kuongea bila kusalimia huonekana kuwa hana adabu. Kiswahili kina maamkizi tofauti kulingana na wakati (asubuhi, mchana, jioni, usiku), umri (mtoto kwa mzee, rafiki kwa rafiki) na mahali (nyumbani, shuleni, njiani).
Katika somo hili utasoma mazungumzo ya Keza, mwanafunzi wa kidato cha kwanza, utajifunza maamkizi muhimu, na utajifunza nafsi na viwakilishi vya nafsi (mimi, wewe, yeye...).
In English: this lesson teaches everyday greetings for different times of day and different people, and the six personal pronouns (I, you, he or she, we, you all, they).
Ni saa moja asubuhi. Keza anatembea kwenda shuleni. Njiani anakutana na jirani yao, Bibi Mukamana. Bibi Mukamana ni mzee.
KEZA: Shikamoo, Bibi.
BIBI MUKAMANA: Marahaba, mjukuu wangu. Hujambo?
KEZA: Sijambo, Bibi. Habari za asubuhi?
BIBI MUKAMANA: Nzuri sana. Na wazazi wako hawajambo?
KEZA: Hawajambo. Wanakusalimu.
BIBI MUKAMANA: Asante. Nenda salama!
KEZA: Asante, Bibi. Kwaheri!
Karibu na lango la shule, Keza anamwona rafiki yake, Mugisha.
MUGISHA: Mambo, Keza?
KEZA: Poa! Umeamkaje?
MUGISHA: Salama tu. Twende darasani.
Darasani, mwalimu anaingia.
MWALIMU HABIMANA: Habari za asubuhi, wanafunzi? Hamjambo?
WANAFUNZI: Hatujambo, mwalimu. Habari za asubuhi?
MWALIMU HABIMANA: Nzuri. Karibuni, kaeni.
Jioni Keza anarudi nyumbani.
KEZA: Hodi!
MAMA: Karibu, mwanangu. Habari za shule?
KEZA: Nzuri, mama. Habari za jioni?
MAMA: Njema.
Usiku, kabla ya kulala:
KEZA: Usiku mwema, mama.
MAMA: Lala salama, mwanangu.
Imeandikwa na Ganzaa.
In English: on her way to school Keza greets an elderly neighbour politely, then a friend informally, then her teacher. In the evening she greets her mother, and at night they say good night.
| Salamu | Jibu | Tunaitumia lini? | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Shikamoo | Marahaba | kwa mtu mzee kuliko wewe | respectful greeting to an elder |
| Hujambo? | Sijambo | kwa mtu mmoja, wakati wowote | How are you? I am fine |
| Hamjambo? | Hatujambo | kwa watu wengi | How are you all? We are fine |
| Habari za asubuhi? | Nzuri | asubuhi | Good morning |
| Habari za mchana? | Nzuri | mchana | Good afternoon |
| Habari za jioni? | Njema | jioni | Good evening |
| Umeamkaje? | Salama | asubuhi | How did you wake up? |
| Mambo? | Poa | kwa rafiki wa umri wako tu | What's up? Cool (informal) |
| Hodi! | Karibu! | unapofika mlangoni | May I come in? Welcome! |
| Usiku mwema | Lala salama | usiku, kabla ya kulala | Good night. Sleep well |
| Kwaheri | Kwaheri | unapoagana na mtu | Goodbye |
Maneno mengine: jirani (neighbour), mzee (elder, old person), mjukuu (grandchild), mwanangu (my child), kusalimia (to greet), kuagana (to say goodbye to each other).
Adabu: “Mambo?” na “Poa” ni lugha ya vijana. Usiitumie kwa mzee, kwa mwalimu wala kwa mkuu wa shule. Shikamoo hutumika sana Tanzania; katika nchi nyingine watu pia humsalimia mzee kwa heshima kwa kusema “Hujambo, mzee?” au “Habari za asubuhi, bibi?”
Nafsi (person) inaonyesha nani anazungumza, nani anazungumziwa, au nani anaambiwa. Kiwakilishi (pronoun) ni neno linalosimama badala ya jina. Kiswahili kina nafsi tatu, katika umoja (singular) na wingi (plural):
| Nafsi | Umoja | Wingi |
|---|---|---|
| Nafsi ya kwanza (anayezungumza) | mimi (I) | sisi (we) |
| Nafsi ya pili (anayeambiwa) | wewe (you) | ninyi (you all) |
| Nafsi ya tatu (anayezungumziwa) | yeye (he or she) | wao (they) |
Grammar note: “yeye” means both “he” and “she”. Kiswahili, like Kinyarwanda, does not mark male or female in pronouns.
Salamu hujambo hubadilika kulingana na nafsi:
| Kiwakilishi | Salamu “jambo” |
|---|---|
| mimi | sijambo |
| wewe | hujambo? |
| yeye | hajambo |
| sisi | hatujambo |
| ninyi | hamjambo? |
| wao | hawajambo |
“Hujambo?” literally means “You have no problem?” The answer “Sijambo” means “I have no problem”, that is, “I am fine”.
Katika kitenzi, nafsi huonyeshwa kwa kiambishi cha nafsi (subject prefix) mwanzoni:
| Kiwakilishi | Kiambishi | Mfano: kuimba (to sing) |
|---|---|---|
| mimi | ni- | ninaimba |
| wewe | u- | unaimba |
| yeye | a- | anaimba |
| sisi | tu- | tunaimba |
| ninyi | m- | mnaimba |
| wao | wa- | wanaimba |
Soma hadithi hii fupi. Angalia viambishi vya nafsi vilivyokolezwa.
Ninaimba.
Anapunga mkono.
Ninapiga makofi.
Anajinyoosha.
Anaita.
Ninaitika.
Anasikiliza.
Wewe unafanya nini?
Hadithi ya Nina Orange, tafsiri ya Kiswahili ya Matteo E. Mwita (African Storybook, CC BY 3.0).
Katika hadithi hii, ni- ni msimulizi mwenyewe (mimi), a- ni mtu mwingine (yeye), na u- ni wewe msomaji. (kupunga mkono = to wave; kujinyoosha = to stretch; kuita = to call; kuitika = to answer a call.)
Swali: Jaza kiwakilishi sahihi: ___ tunacheza mpira.
Jibu: Sisi tunacheza mpira. Kitenzi kina kiambishi tu-, na tu- ni cha nafsi ya kwanza wingi, yaani sisi.
Tip
Kumbuka hivi: ni, u, a kwa mmoja; tu, m, wa kwa wengi.
Mimi ni-, wewe u-, yeye a-, sisi tu-, ninyi m-, wao wa-.
Kwa mzee: Shikamoo au Hujambo, mzee? Kwa rafiki tu: Mambo?
Jibu: Keza alisema “Shikamoo, Bibi.” Bibi alijibu “Marahaba.”
Jibu: Kwa sababu “Mambo?” ni salamu ya vijana na marafiki. Mwalimu ni mtu mkubwa, kwa hiyo anasalimiwa kwa heshima: “Habari za asubuhi?”
Jibu: Hatujambo, mwalimu.
Jibu: Habari za jioni? (Au: Hujambo? Shikamoo, kama ni mzee.)
Jibu: (a) Wao (b) Mimi (c) Ninyi.
Jibu: Wao hawajambo.
Mfano wa jibu (a): “Shikamoo, babu.” “Marahaba, mjukuu wangu. Umeamkaje?” “Salama, babu. Na wewe je?” “Mimi sijambo.”
Muhtasari (summary)
Sources and credits
Kusoma: “Siku moja ya Keza”: Imeandikwa na Ganzaa (Written by Ganzaa).
Hadithi: Unafanya nini? (kwa Kiingereza: What are you doing?), imeandikwa na Nina Orange, michoro ya Wiehan de Jager, tafsiri ya Kiswahili ya Matteo E. Mwita. Imechapishwa na African Storybook na kupatikana kupitia Storybooks Rwanda, leseni CC BY 3.0. Maandishi yametumiwa kamili bila kubadilishwa; Ganzaa imekoleza viambishi vya nafsi tu (adapted by Ganzaa: prefixes set in bold). Michoro haikutumiwa.
Msamiati, maelezo ya sarufi, mazoezi na maswali ya tathmini: Imeandikwa na Ganzaa (Written by Ganzaa).
