Uburinganire n'Ubwuzuzanye
Senior 6 · Kinyarwanda
Uburinganire n'Ubwuzuzanye
Lesson 2 of 4
40 min
Umuhinzi asaba «ifumbire mvaruganda», umwubatsi agasaba «sima», umuganga w'amatungo akavuga «gutera intanga». Utazi ayo magambo ntiyumva neza ibivugwa mu murimo, kabone n'iyo yaba azi Ikinyarwanda neza. Amagambo nk'ayo yihariye umwuga cyangwa ubumenyi runaka yitwa amuga.
Muri iri somo urasoma inkuru y'imurikabikorwa ry'imyuga ribera ku ishuri, wige amuga y'ingenzi y'ibyiciro bitandatu, n'uburyo Ikinyarwanda kirema amuga mashya.
Inkuru yanditswe na Ganzaa. Abantu bayivugwamo ni abo gutekerezwa.
(1) Ku wa Gatanu, ishuri ryacu ryakiriye imurikabikorwa ry'imyuga. Abanyamwuga batandatu, abagore batatu n'abagabo batatu, baje kuganiriza abanyeshuri b'umwaka wa gatandatu ku mirimo yabo. Umuyobozi w'ishuri yatangije avuga ati: «Muri iki gihe, nta mwuga ugenewe abahungu gusa cyangwa abakobwa gusa. Mutege amatwi, mubaze, mwihitiremo.»
(2) Uwa mbere yari Mukeshimana, injeniyeri mu bwubatsi. Yerekanye igishushanyo mbonera cy'ikiraro yubatse, asobanura ko urufatiro rwacyo rwacukuwe metero umunani, ko inkingi zacyo zubatswe mu byuma na sima, kandi ko mbere yo kubaka bapima uburemere ikiraro kizikorera. Umunyeshuri amubajije niba atajya agira ubwoba hejuru y'amazi, araseka ati: «Ubwoba bugabanywa n'imibare yakozwe neza.»
(3) Habimana, umuhanga mu ibarurishamibare, yasobanuye uko abara impuzandengo y'umusaruro w'abahinzi, n'uko ijanisha rifasha kugereranya uturere. Yeretse abanyeshuri imbonerahamwe n'igishushanyo cy'imibare, ababwira ko imibare idakorwa mu ishuri gusa: ni yo ifasha Leta gufata ibyemezo.
(4) Uwimana, umushakashatsi muri laboratwari, yazanye mikorosikopi. Abanyeshuri barebeyemo uturemangingo tw'agahu k'igitunguru. Yababwiye ko ubutabire, ubugenge n'ibinyabuzima bifatanya mu gukora imiti n'inkingo.
(5) Nsengiyumva, impuguke mu buhinzi, yasobanuye ko ku misozi ihanamye bakora amaterasi y'indinganire kugira ngo barwanye isuri. Yavuze ko imbuto z'indobanure, ifumbire y'imborera n'ifumbire mvaruganda ikoreshejwe neza, no kuhira mu gihe cy'izuba byongera umusaruro.
(6) Ingabire, umuganga w'amatungo, yavuze uko kororera mu kiraro bituma inka zitona ibidukikije, n'uko gutera intanga bifasha kubona inyana zitanga umukamo mwinshi. Yongeyeho ati: «Amatungo na yo akenera inkingo nk'abantu.»
(7) Uwa nyuma yari Bizimana, umworozi w'amafi. Yasobanuye itandukaniro ry'uburobyi bukorerwa mu kiyaga n'ubworozi bw'amafi bukorerwa mu byuzi. Yavuze ko inshundura zifite imyenge mito cyane zibujijwe kuko zifata n'amafi akiri mato, bigatuma ikiyaga kibura amafi mu myaka iri imbere.
(8) Imurikabikorwa rirangiye, umunyeshuri witwa Keza yandika mu ikayi ye ati: «Uyu munsi nize amagambo mashya arenga makumyabiri. Ariko icy'ingenzi nize ni uko umwuga wose utangirira ku kumenya ururimi rwawo.»
1. Umuyobozi w'ishuri yatangije imurikabikorwa avuga iki ku myuga, kandi kuki?
2. Mukeshimana yasobanuye iki ku rufatiro n'inkingi by'ikiraro?
3. Habimana avuga ko imibare ifasha iki uretse mu ishuri?
4. Ni iki Nsengiyumva avuga gifasha kurwanya isuri, n'ibyongera umusaruro?
5. Kuki inshundura zifite imyenge mito cyane zibujijwe?
6. Sobanura interuro ya Keza: «Umwuga wose utangirira ku kumenya ururimi rwawo.»
1. Ko nta mwuga ugenewe abahungu cyangwa abakobwa gusa; ashaka ko abanyeshuri bahitamo imyuga bakurikije ubushobozi n'ibyo bakunda, nta vangura.
2. Urufatiro rwacukuwe metero umunani; inkingi zubatswe mu byuma na sima.
3. Ifasha Leta gufata ibyemezo (urugero: kugereranya umusaruro w'uturere).
4. Amaterasi y'indinganire arwanya isuri; imbuto z'indobanure, ifumbire y'imborera n'ifumbire mvaruganda ikoreshejwe neza, no kuhira byongera umusaruro.
5. Kuko zifata n'amafi akiri mato, ikiyaga kikazabura amafi mu myaka iri imbere.
6. Buri mwuga ugira amagambo yawo yihariye (amuga); kuyamenya ni intambwe ya mbere yo kuwumva no kuwukora neza.
Definition
Amuga ni amagambo yihariye akoreshwa mu mwuga, mu bumenyi cyangwa mu rwego runaka, akagira inyito isobanutse kandi idahinduka muri urwo rwego. Urugero: ijanisha (imibare), akaremangingo (siyansi), urufatiro (ubwubatsi).
| Icyiciro | Amuga | Icyo asobanura |
|---|---|---|
| Imibare | impuzandengo | igiteranyo cy'imibare kigabanyijwe n'umubare wayo |
| ijanisha | umubare ugaragazwa ku ijana (%) | |
| mpandeshatu / urukiramende / uruziga | ishusho ifite impande eshatu / ishusho y'impande enye zifite inguni zigororotse / ishusho y'umurongo uzengurutse ufite hagati hamwe | |
| Siyansi | akaremangingo (uturemangingo) | igice gito cyane kigize umubiri w'ikinyabuzima |
| ubutabire | ubumenyi bwiga ibigize ibintu n'uko bihinduka | |
| ubugenge | ubumenyi bwiga ingufu, imbaraga n'imigendere y'ibintu | |
| Ubwubatsi | urufatiro | igice cyo hasi inyubako ishingiyeho, kiri mu butaka |
| igishushanyo mbonera | igishushanyo kigaragaza uko inyubako cyangwa umujyi bizaba biteye | |
| inkingi | igice gihagaze gishyigikira inyubako cyangwa ikiraro | |
| Ubuhinzi | amaterasi y'indinganire | imirima iringaniye icukurwa ku musozi uhanamye, irwanya isuri |
| imbuto z'indobanure | imbuto zatoranyijwe kuko zitanga umusaruro mwinshi | |
| ifumbire mvaruganda / y'imborera | ifumbire ikorwa mu nganda / ifumbire ikomoka ku byatsi n'amase byaboze | |
| Ubworozi | kororera mu kiraro | korora itungo rigaburirwa aho riba, ritajya kurisha hanze |
| gutera intanga | kuzana intanga z'ikimasa cyatoranyijwe mu nka, hatifashishijwe ikimasa ubwacyo | |
| umukamo | ingano y'amata itungo ritanga | |
| Uburobyi | urushundura (inshundura) | igikoresho kiboshywe mu migozi gifite imyenge, gifata amafi |
| ubworozi bw'amafi | korora amafi mu byuzi cyangwa mu bidendezi byateguwe | |
| isambaza | amafi mato aboneka cyane mu kiyaga cya Kivu |
| Uburyo | Uko bikorwa | Ingero |
|---|---|---|
| Gukomora | gukura ijambo rishya ku ijambo risanzwe (akenshi ku nshinga) | kubaka → umwubatsi, ubwubatsi; guhinga → umuhinzi, ubuhinzi; korora → umworozi, ubworozi |
| Guhuza amagambo | guhuza amagambo abiri cyangwa arenga akaba izina rimwe | ifumbire + mvaruganda; igishushanyo + mbonera; mudasobwa |
| Kwagura inyito | guha ijambo risanzwe inyito nshya mu mwuga | imbeba (y'imashini ya mudasobwa); urubuga (rwa interineti); umuyoboro (w'amazi cyangwa w'amashanyarazi) |
| Gutira | kwakira ijambo ry'urundi rurimi rigahabwa imiterere y'Ikinyarwanda | injeniyeri, laboratwari, mikorosikopi, sima, veterineri |
Worked example
Gusesengura uko ijambo ry'umwuga ryaremwe
Ijambo: ubworozi bw'amafi
Worked example
Gukoresha amuga mu nteruro
Ikibazo: Uzuza ukoresheje amuga akwiye: «Ku musozi uhanamye, abahinzi bacukuye ___ kugira ngo barwanye ___.»
Igisubizo: «Ku musozi uhanamye, abahinzi bacukuye amaterasi y'indinganire kugira ngo barwanye isuri.»
Uko wabimenya: «umusozi uhanamye» n'«kurwanya» byerekana ikibazo cy'ubutaka butwarwa n'amazi (isuri) n'igisubizo cyacyo (amaterasi).
Warning
Ntukitiranye amuga asa: ubutabire (chemistry) si ubugenge (physics); ifumbire y'imborera si ifumbire mvaruganda; uburobyi si ubworozi bw'amafi.
Mu nyandiko y'umwuga, ntukavange amuga y'Ikinyarwanda n'amagambo y'urundi rurimi mu nteruro imwe niba ijambo ry'Ikinyarwanda rihari kandi rizwi.
Practice
Imyitozo
Amuga ni iki? Tanga ingero ebyiri z'amuga yo mu bwubatsi n'ebyiri zo mu buhinzi.
Ni ikihe cyiciro buri ijambo ribarizwamo? (a) ijanisha; (b) umukamo; (c) urufatiro; (d) akaremangingo; (e) isambaza.
Tandukanya: (a) uburobyi n'ubworozi bw'amafi; (b) ifumbire mvaruganda n'ifumbire y'imborera.
Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kurema amuga bwakoreshejwe muri buri jambo? (a) umwubatsi; (b) laboratwari; (c) imbeba ya mudasobwa; (d) igishushanyo mbonera.
Ibiro bitanu by'amafi byagurishijwe ku mafaranga 3 000, 3 500, 2 500, 4 000 na 2 000. Bara impuzandengo y'igiciro, ukoreshe amuga akwiye mu gisubizo.
Andika igika cy'interuro esheshatu usobanurira umuhinzi uko yakongera umusaruro, ukoreshamo nibura amuga ane yo mu buhinzi.
Hitamo umwuga ukunda. Shaka amuga atanu yawo (ubaze umunyamwuga cyangwa ukoreshe inkoranyamagambo), uyasobanure, maze uyamurikire bagenzi bawe.
1. Amagambo yihariye akoreshwa mu mwuga cyangwa ubumenyi runaka. Ubwubatsi: urufatiro, inkingi, igishushanyo mbonera, sima. Ubuhinzi: amaterasi y'indinganire, imbuto z'indobanure, ifumbire mvaruganda, kuhira.
2. (a) imibare; (b) ubworozi; (c) ubwubatsi; (d) siyansi; (e) uburobyi.
3. (a) Uburobyi ni ugufata amafi asanzwe mu biyaga n'inzuzi; ubworozi bw'amafi ni ukuyarera mu byuzi kugeza akuze. (b) Ifumbire mvaruganda ikorwa mu nganda; iy'imborera ikomoka ku byatsi n'amase byaboze.
4. (a) gukomora (kubaka → umwubatsi); (b) gutira; (c) kwagura inyito; (d) guhuza amagambo.
5. Igiteranyo: 3 000 + 3 500 + 2 500 + 4 000 + 2 000 = 15 000. Impuzandengo: 15 000 ÷ 5 = 3 000. «Impuzandengo y'igiciro cy'ikiro ni amafaranga 3 000.»
6. Igika cyiza gikoresha neza amuga nk'imbuto z'indobanure, ifumbire y'imborera, amaterasi y'indinganire, kuhira, isuri, umusaruro, kandi gifite inama zumvikana.
7. Ibisubizo biratandukanye; amuga agomba kuba ay'umwuga watoranyijwe kandi asobanuwe neza.
Ibyo kwibuka
Sources and credits
Umwandiko «Imurikabikorwa ry'imyuga», imbonerahamwe y'amuga, ingero, imyitozo n'ibisubizo: Written by Ganzaa. Abantu bavugwa ni abo gutekerezwa.
Ifoto: Fisher men in lake kivu, RWANDA, Isma250, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0.
This lesson adapts CC BY-SA material and is shared under CC BY-SA 4.0.
