Ubuzima
Senior 6 · Kinyarwanda
Ubuzima
Lesson 1 of 4
40 min
Ibuka igihe kandagira ukarabe zagaragaraga imbere y'amaduka yose, amashuri, amasoko na gare. Icyo gihe abantu benshi bumvise kenshi ijambo «icyorezo». Ariko icyorezo ni iki koko? Gikwirakwira gute, kandi kuki kukirwanya bitareba abaganga bonyine?
Muri iri somo urasoma umwandiko usobanura ibyorezo n'uko byirindwa, ushingiye ku byabaye mu Rwanda, maze usesengure uburyo umwanditsi akoresha ingero n'imvugo shusho kugira ngo yemeze abasomyi.
Umwandiko wanditswe na Ganzaa, ushingiye ku makuru ya Minisiteri y'Ubuzima n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima (OMS).
(1) Ku wa 14 Werurwe 2020, u Rwanda rwatangaje umurwayi wa mbere wa COVID-19. Mu byumweru bike, amashuri yarafunzwe, ingendo zirahagarara, kandi kandagira ukarabe zigaragara ku miryango y'amaduka, ku masoko no muri gare. Abantu benshi bamenye icyo gihe ijambo «icyorezo» mu buryo batari barigeze barimenyamo.
(2) Icyorezo ni indwara yandura, ifata abantu benshi mu gihe gito, ahantu runaka, kurusha uko bisanzwe. Iyo ikwirakwiriye mu bihugu byinshi no ku migabane itandukanye, bayita icyorezo cy'isi yose; COVID-19 yari bwo bwoko. Indwara nyinshi z'ibyorezo ziterwa na mikorobe nto cyane: virusi, bagiteri n'izindi. Ntizigaragara n'amaso, ni yo mpamvu bazita «umwanzi utagaragara».
(3) Ibyorezo byandura mu nzira zitandukanye. Korera yandurira mu mazi cyangwa mu biryo byanduye. COVID-19 yandurira cyane mu dutonyanga tuva mu kanwa no mu mazuru y'umurwayi iyo akoroye, yitsamuye cyangwa avuga. Ebola na Marburg byandurira mu gukora ku maraso n'andi matembabuzi y'umurwayi, cyangwa ku bintu yakoresheje. Kumenya inzira y'ubwandu ni yo ntambwe ya mbere yo kubwirinda.
(4) Muri Nzeri 2024, u Rwanda rwahuye bwa mbere n'icyorezo cya Marburg. Minisiteri y'Ubuzima yemeje abarwayi 66; muri bo 15 bitaba Imana, abandi 51 barakira. Abenshi mu banduye bari abakozi bo kwa muganga, banduriye mu kwita ku barwayi. Abahuye n'abarwayi bose barakurikiranwe, abakekwaho uburwayi bashyirwa mu kato, kandi abakozi b'ubuzima bahabwa urukingo rwari rukiri mu igerageza. Ku wa 20 Ukuboza 2024, Minisiteri y'Ubuzima yatangaje ko icyorezo cyarangiye, nyuma y'iminsi 42 nta murwayi mushya ubonetse.
(5) Ibyo byerekana ko kurwanya icyorezo bitareba abaganga bonyine. Umuturage ukaraba intoki akoresheje amazi meza n'isabune, utwikira umunwa n'izuru iyo akoroye, wikingiza, wirinda gukora ku murwayi n'ibikoresho bye nta burinzi, kandi ugana kwa muganga akibona ibimenyetso, aba ari umusirikare mu ntambara y'ubuzima. Uhisha uburwayi bwe, cyangwa ukwirakwiza ibihuha, aba afashije umwanzi.
(6) Ibihuha ni ikindi cyorezo. Mu gihe cya COVID-19, ku mbuga nkoranyambaga hakwirakwiye amakuru avuga ko imiti imwe n'imwe itemewe cyangwa inzoga zikiza indwara, cyangwa ko inkingo ari uburozi. Ayo makuru yatumye bamwe birengagiza ingamba z'ubwirinzi. Amakuru yizewe ni aturuka ku nzego z'ubuzima, nka Minisiteri y'Ubuzima n'Ikigo cy'Igihugu cy'Ubuzima (RBC).
(7) Icyorezo kiza kitateguje, ariko kwitegura bikorwa buri munsi. Umuco w'isuku, kwikingiza no kumva inama z'abaganga ni zo ntwaro zikomeye. Abanyarwanda baravuga bati: «Amagara araseseka ntayorwa.» Ubuzima butakaye ntibugarurwa; ni yo mpamvu bugomba kurindwa butaratakara.
| Ijambo cyangwa imvugo | Icyo bisobanura mu mwandiko |
|---|---|
| icyorezo | indwara yandura ifata abantu benshi mu gihe gito, ahantu runaka, kurusha uko bisanzwe |
| icyorezo cy'isi yose | icyorezo gikwirakwira mu bihugu byinshi no ku migabane itandukanye |
| mikorobe | ibinyabuzima bito cyane bitagaragara n'amaso, bimwe bitera indwara |
| amatembabuzi | ibintu by'amazi biva mu mubiri: amacandwe, amaraso, ibyuya n'ibindi |
| kwitsamura | gusohora umwuka mwinshi mu mazuru no mu kanwa utabishaka, nk'iyo urwaye ibicurane |
| akato | gutandukanya umuntu urwaye cyangwa ukekwaho uburwayi n'abandi, kugira ngo atabanduza |
| igerageza | igihe umuti cyangwa urukingo rushya rugeragezwa ngo harebwe ko rukora kandi rutagira ingaruka mbi |
| ibihuha | amakuru adafite gihamya akwirakwizwa n'abantu |
| ingamba z'ubwirinzi | ibyemezo n'ibikorwa bigamije kwirinda indwara |
1. Ni ibihe bintu bitatu byahindutse mu Rwanda nyuma y'umurwayi wa mbere wa COVID-19?
2. Tandukanya icyorezo n'icyorezo cy'isi yose.
3. Korera, COVID-19 na Marburg byandura mu zihe nzira?
4. Ni izihe ngamba eshatu zakoreshejwe mu guhagarika icyorezo cya Marburg mu 2024?
5. Kuki Minisiteri y'Ubuzima yategereje iminsi 42 mbere yo gutangaza ko icyorezo cyarangiye?
Umwanditsi akoresha amashusho y'intambara: «umwanzi», «umusirikare», «intwaro». Ni iki iyo mvugo shusho imufasha kugeraho?
Kuki umwanditsi avuga ko «ibihuha ari ikindi cyorezo»? Ese iryo gereranya rirakwiye?
Umwanditsi atanga imibare n'amatariki (66, 15, 42, 20 Ukuboza 2024). Bifite akahe kamaro mu mwandiko nk'uyu?
1. Amashuri yarafunzwe; ingendo zirahagarara; kandagira ukarabe zigaragara ahantu hose.
2. Icyorezo gifata abantu benshi ahantu runaka mu gihe gito; icyorezo cy'isi yose gikwirakwira mu bihugu byinshi no ku migabane itandukanye.
3. Korera: amazi cyangwa ibiryo byanduye. COVID-19: udutonyanga tuva mu kanwa no mu mazuru. Marburg: gukora ku maraso n'andi matembabuzi y'umurwayi cyangwa ku bintu yakoresheje.
4. Gukurikirana abahuye n'abarwayi; gushyira mu kato abakekwaho uburwayi; guha abakozi b'ubuzima urukingo rwari mu igerageza.
5. Kugira ngo bemeze ko nta murwayi mushya ukibonetse mu gihe gihagije: iminsi 42 nta murwayi mushya ni bwo icyorezo cyemezwa ko cyarangiye.
6. Ituma umusomyi yumva uburemere bw'ikibazo, kandi ikamwereka ko na we afite uruhare: buri muturage ni «umusirikare».
7. Kuko ibihuha bikwirakwira vuba nk'indwara, kandi bigatera ingaruka mbi (abantu birengagiza ingamba). Irakwiye: igaragaza ko kurwanya ibihuha ari igice cyo kurwanya icyorezo.
8. Bituma umwandiko wizerwa: ibivugwa bishingiye ku makuru y'inzego z'ubuzima, si ku bitekerezo gusa.
Definition
Icyorezo ni indwara yandura ifata abantu benshi mu gihe gito, ahantu runaka, kurusha uko bisanzwe. Iyo ikwirakwiye ku isi hose yitwa icyorezo cy'isi yose.
Urunigi rw'ubwandu ni urukurikirane rw'ibintu bituma indwara iva ku muntu ijya ku wundi: mikorobe, isoko y'ubwandu, inzira y'ubwandu n'umuntu muzima ushobora kwandura.
Worked example
Gusesengura uko umwanditsi yemeza abasomyi
Igika: «Umuturage ukaraba intoki… aba ari umusirikare mu ntambara y'ubuzima. Uhisha uburwayi bwe… aba afashije umwanzi.» (igika cya 5)
Warning
Mu kuvuga ku byorezo, koresha amakuru yizewe gusa (Minisiteri y'Ubuzima, RBC, OMS), kandi uvuge igihe yatangarijwe. Ntugasangize ubutumwa bwo ku mbuga nkoranyambaga utagenzuye aho buturuka: ushobora kuba ukwirakwiza ibihuha.
Ikibazo: «Umunyeshuri yakiriye ubutumwa kuri telefoni buvuga ko kunywa amazi ashyushye arimo indimu bikingira indwara y'icyorezo runaka. Akwiye kubigenza ate?»
Practice
Imyitozo
Sobanura aya magambo uko akoreshejwe mu mwandiko: (a) akato; (b) igerageza; (c) ibihuha.
Ukoresheje urunigi rw'ubwandu, sobanura uko gukaraba intoki bihagarika ikwirakwira rya korera.
Bara ijanisha ry'abakize Marburg mu barwayi 66 bemejwe (zengurutsa ku mubare wuzuye).
Vuga ingamba enye umuturage asabwa mu gika cya gatanu.
Andika interuro ebyiri zikoresha imvugo shusho y'intambara ku kurwanya isuku nke ku ishuri.
«Uhisha uburwayi bwe aba afashije umwanzi.» Ese wemeranya n'umwanditsi? Tanga impamvu ebyiri, mu gika cy'interuro eshanu kugeza ku munani.
1. (a) gutandukanya umurwayi cyangwa ukekwaho uburwayi n'abandi; (b) igihe urukingo cyangwa umuti mushya bigeragezwa; (c) amakuru adafite gihamya akwirakwizwa n'abantu.
2. Korera iva ku murwayi (isoko) ikanyura mu mazi n'ibiryo byanduye (inzira); intoki zanduye zigeza mikorobe ku biryo no mu kanwa. Gukaraba n'isabune bica iyo nzira, umuntu muzima ntiyandure.
3. Abakize: 66 − 15 = 51. Ijanisha: 51 ÷ 66 × 100 ≈ 77%.
4. Gukaraba intoki n'amazi meza n'isabune; gutwikira umunwa n'izuru iyo akoroye; kwikingiza; kwirinda gukora ku murwayi n'ibikoresho bye nta burinzi; kujya kwa muganga akibona ibimenyetso (ine muri izo).
5. Urugero: «Isabune ni intwaro yacu ya mbere.» «Buri munyeshuri ni umurinzi w'isuku y'ishuri.»
6. Igisubizo cyiza gifata uruhande, kigatanga impamvu ebyiri (urugero: uhisha uburwayi yanduza abandi atabizi; atinda kuvurwa, uburwayi bukamurembya), kandi kigasoza gisubiramo igitekerezo.
Ibyo kwibuka
Sources and credits
Umwandiko «Umwanzi utagaragara», igishushanyo «Urunigi rw'ubwandu» (SVG), imbonerahamwe, ingero, imyitozo n'ibisubizo: Written by Ganzaa.
Imibare y'icyorezo cya Marburg (abarwayi 66, abapfuye 15, iherezo ku wa 20 Ukuboza 2024): Rwanda Declares End of Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Minisiteri y'Ubuzima (MINISANTE), 2024.
Ifoto: Water is used everywhere in Rwanda like at bus station here to prevent thr spreading of covid-19, Davyimage, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0.
This lesson adapts CC BY-SA material and is shared under CC BY-SA 4.0.
