Itumanaho n'Ikoranabuhanga
Senior 6 · Kinyarwanda
Itumanaho n'Ikoranabuhanga
Lesson 2 of 4
45 min
Abanyeshuri ba club y'ikoranabuhanga bakoze porogaramu ifasha abahinzi. Bashobora kubivuga mu ikayi yabo y'ibyabaye, cyangwa bakabibwira inshuti. Ariko iyo babyanditse mu kinyamakuru, inkuru igera ku basomyi ibihumbi batabazi. Bisaba kwandika mu buryo bwihariye: iby'ingenzi mbere, ukuri gusa, amasoko azwi.
Muri iri somo urasoma inkuru y'ikinyamakuru, wige amoko n'uturango by'inyandiko z'ikinyamakuru, uko zubakwa nka piramide ihindukiye, n'uko ibihe by'inshinga bihuzwa mu nyandiko y'amakuru.
Inkuru yanditswe na Ganzaa. Ishuri, abantu, imibare n'amatariki ni iby'urugero.
Abanyeshuri ba Rugarama bakoze porogaramu iburira abahinzi ku mvura
Ubutumwa bugufi buzajya bwoherezwa ku bahinzi 500 b'umurenge mbere y'igihembwe cy'ihinga
RUGARAMA, ku wa 12 Werurwe 2027 — Abanyeshuri batandatu bo mu ihuriro ry'ikoranabuhanga ry'Urwunge rw'Amashuri rwa Rugarama bamuritse ku wa Gatanu porogaramu yoherereza abahinzi ubutumwa bugufi bubamenyesha iteganyagihe, kugira ngo bamenye igihe cyiza cyo gutera.
Porogaramu, bise «Imvura Ije», ifata amakuru y'iteganyagihe y'iminsi itanu, ikayahindura mu Kinyarwanda cyoroshye, ikayohereza kuri telefoni zisanzwe, zidakeneye murandasi. Mu igerageza ry'ukwezi kumwe, abahinzi 60 bo mu kagari ka Nyarurama bakiriye ubutumwa bugera kuri 20.
Uwimana Claudine, umuhinzi w'ibishyimbo witabiriye igerageza, yagize ati: «Ubu sinkiraguza ikirere. Ubutumwa bwambwiye ko imvura izagwa ku wa Kabiri, ntera ku wa Mbere, imbuto zose zirumera.»
Umuyobozi w'ihuriro, Mugisha Eric, wiga mu mwaka wa gatandatu, yasobanuye ko igitekerezo cyavutse ubwo bari mu biruhuko: «Twabonye ababyeyi bacu batera imbuto, imvura igatinda, zikuma. Twibajije icyo ikoranabuhanga twiga ryabamarira.»
Umukozi ushinzwe ubuhinzi mu murenge yatangaje ko porogaramu izakoreshwa n'abahinzi 500 mbere y'igihembwe cy'ihinga A gitaha, ariko ko hazabanza gusuzumwa ukuri kw'amakuru yoherezwa.
Ihuriro ry'ikoranabuhanga ry'iri shuri ryashinzwe mu 2024, rikaba rifite abanyamuryango 35, barimo abakobwa 17.
| Ijambo cyangwa imvugo | Icyo bisobanura |
|---|---|
| umutwe w'inkuru | amagambo make ari hejuru y'inkuru, avuga icyo ivuga |
| umutwe muto | interuro iri munsi y'umutwe, yongera ibisobanuro |
| intangiriro y'inkuru | igika cya mbere gikubiyemo amakuru y'ingenzi yose |
| iteganyagihe | amakuru avuga uko ikirere kizaba kimeze mu minsi iri imbere |
| kumurika | kwereka abantu igikorwa wakoze ku mugaragaro |
| isoko y'amakuru | umuntu cyangwa inyandiko umunyamakuru akuramo amakuru |
| kutabogama | kudafata uruhande, kuvuga ukuri kw'impande zose |
1. Ukoresheje igika cya mbere gusa, subiza: nde? iki? ryari? hehe? kuki?
2. Porogaramu «Imvura Ije» ikora ite? Kuki ikoresha telefoni zisanzwe?
3. Inkuru ifite amasoko angahe? Buri soko ritanga iki?
4. Umukozi ushinzwe ubuhinzi yongeyeho iki cyerekana ko inkuru itabogamye?
5. Iyo umwanditsi w'ikinyamakuru abura umwanya, ni ikihe gika yakuramo mbere? Kubera iki?
1. Nde: abanyeshuri batandatu b'ihuriro ry'ikoranabuhanga ry'Urwunge rw'Amashuri rwa Rugarama. Iki: bamuritse porogaramu yoherereza abahinzi iteganyagihe. Ryari: ku wa Gatanu (inkuru yanditswe ku wa 12 Werurwe 2027). Hehe: i Rugarama. Kuki: kugira ngo abahinzi bamenye igihe cyiza cyo gutera.
2. Ifata iteganyagihe ry'iminsi itanu, ikarihindura mu Kinyarwanda cyoroshye, ikarohereza nk'ubutumwa bugufi. Ikoresha telefoni zisanzwe kuko abahinzi benshi badafite murandasi.
3. Atatu: umuhinzi Uwimana (ubuhamya bw'uwabikoresheje), Mugisha (inkomoko y'igitekerezo), umukozi ushinzwe ubuhinzi (gahunda n'icyitonderwa).
4. Ko hazabanza gusuzumwa ukuri kw'amakuru yoherezwa: inkuru ntisingiza gusa, igaragaza n'icyitonderwa.
5. Igika cya nyuma (amateka y'ihuriro): ni inyongera, ntigira ingaruka ku makuru y'ingenzi. Ni yo mpamvu inkuru yubakwa nka piramide ihindukiye.
Definition
Inyandiko y'ikinyamakuru ni inyandiko itangazwa mu kinyamakuru cyandika, icyo kuri murandasi cyangwa ikindi gitangazamakuru, igamije kumenyesha, gusobanura cyangwa gutanga igitekerezo ku byabaye.
Piramide ihindukiye ni uburyo bwo kubaka inkuru y'amakuru: iby'ingenzi biza mbere, ibifite agaciro gake bigakurikiraho.
| Ubwoko | Icyo igamije | Uturango twihariye |
|---|---|---|
| Inkuru y'amakuru | kumenyesha ibyabaye vuba | piramide ihindukiye; ukuri gusa; nta gitekerezo cy'umwanditsi |
| Inkuru icukumbuye | gusobanura ikibazo mu buryo burambuye | ndende; amasoko menshi; imibare n'ubushakashatsi |
| Ikiganiro | kugeza ku basomyi ibitekerezo by'umuntu runaka | ibibazo n'ibisubizo; intangiriro imenyekanisha uwabajijwe |
| Inyandiko y'igitekerezo | gutanga no gushyigikira igitekerezo cy'umwanditsi | ifata uruhande; ifite ingingo n'ingero; ivuga izina ry'umwanditsi |
Mu myaka ishize wize ibihe by'inshinga: impitagihe (ibyarabaye), indagihe (ibiriho), inzagihe (ibizaza). Mu nyandiko y'ikinyamakuru, buri gihe gifite akazi kacyo, kandi kubihuza neza ni byo bituma inkuru yumvikana.
| Igice cy'inkuru | Igihe gikoreshwa | Urugero mu nkuru |
|---|---|---|
| Umutwe | impitagihe ya hafi cyangwa indagihe (inkuru isa n'iriho ubu) | Abanyeshuri ba Rugarama bakoze porogaramu iburira abahinzi |
| Ibyabaye | impitagihe | Abanyeshuri bamuritse porogaramu; abahinzi 60 bakiriye ubutumwa |
| Ibintu bisanzwe biriho | indagihe | Porogaramu ifata amakuru, ikayahindura, ikayohereza |
| Gahunda n'ibiteganyijwe | inzagihe | Porogaramu izakoreshwa n'abahinzi 500 |
| Amagambo y'abatangabuhamya | igihe nyacyo bakoresheje (ntigihinduka) | «Ubu sinkiraguza ikirere.» |
Worked example
Gukosora ibihe bivangavanze, intambwe ku yindi
Igika kirimo amakosa: «Ku wa Gatanu ushize, abanyeshuri bazamurika porogaramu. Abahinzi benshi barayishimiye cyane, kandi umurenge wayikoresheje umwaka utaha.»
Igika gikosoye: «Ku wa Gatanu ushize, abanyeshuri bamuritse porogaramu. Abahinzi benshi barayishimiye cyane, kandi umurenge uzayikoresha umwaka utaha.»
Warning
Umukoro: Andika inkuru y'amakuru (amagambo 200–280) ku gikorwa giherutse kubera ku ishuri ryanyu cyangwa mu murenge wanyu (urugero: amarushanwa, umuganda, imurikabikorwa). Ikurikize piramide ihindukiye, igire umutwe, umutwe muto, ahantu n'itariki, intangiriro isubiza ibibazo bitanu, nibura amasoko abiri, kandi uhuze neza ibihe by'inshinga.
Igisubizo cy'ikitegererezo ni inkuru «Abanyeshuri ba Rugarama bakoze porogaramu iburira abahinzi ku mvura» iri hejuru.
Practice
Imyitozo
Tandukanya inkuru y'amakuru n'inyandiko y'igitekerezo.
Andika intangiriro y'inkuru (interuro imwe cyangwa ebyiri) ukoresheje aya makuru: umuganda; abaturage 300; ku wa Gatandatu; umurenge wa Rugarama; gusana umuhanda wangiritse.
Vuga igihe cya buri nshinga iri mu nyuguti zibyibushye: (a) «Abahinzi bakiriye ubutumwa.» (b) «Porogaramu ifata amakuru y'iteganyagihe.» (c) «Abahinzi 500 bazayikoresha.»
Kosora ibihe muri iki gika: «Ku wa Mbere ushize, ishuri riratangiza isomero rishya. Abanyeshuri barenga 200 bazaryitabira uwo munsi.»
Kuki inkuru y'amakuru isubiramo amagambo y'abatangabuhamya aho kuyavuga mu magambo y'umwanditsi gusa?
Andika inkuru y'amakuru wasabwe mu bumenyi ngiro.
1. Inkuru y'amakuru imenyesha ibyabaye mu kuri, nta gitekerezo cy'umwanditsi; inyandiko y'igitekerezo ifata uruhande, igatanga ingingo zishyigikira igitekerezo cy'umwanditsi.
2. Urugero: «Abaturage 300 bo mu Murenge wa Rugarama basannye umuhanda wari warangiritse, ku wa Gatandatu, mu muganda usoza ukwezi.»
3. (a) impitagihe; (b) indagihe; (c) inzagihe.
4. «Ku wa Mbere ushize, ishuri ryatangije isomero rishya. Abanyeshuri barenga 200 baryitabiriye uwo munsi.»
5. Bituma inkuru yizerwa (abasomyi bumva uwabivuze), bigatanga ibimenyetso, kandi bigatuma umwanditsi atabogama.
6. Isuzuma: umutwe n'umutwe muto (2), intangiriro isubiza ibibazo bitanu (4), piramide ihindukiye (3), amasoko abiri (3), ibihe bihuje (4), kutabogama n'imyandikire (4).
Ibyo kwibuka
Sources and credits
Inkuru «Abanyeshuri ba Rugarama bakoze porogaramu iburira abahinzi ku mvura», igishushanyo «Piramide ihindukiye» (SVG), imbonerahamwe, ingero, imyitozo n'ibisubizo: Written by Ganzaa. Ishuri, abantu, imibare n'amatariki ni iby'urugero.
