Ubuzima
Senior 6 · Kinyarwanda (Languages)
Ubuzima
Lesson 2 of 4
25 min
Mu isomo rishize wabonye ko ijambo rimwe rishobora gukomeretsa cyangwa gukiza. Ibyo byerekana ko ururimi rudafite gusa amagambo n'amategeko y'ikibonezamvugo: rufite n'isano n'abantu, umuco, imibanire n'ubutegetsi. Ubumenyi bwiga iyo sano bwitwa iyigandimi. Uyu mwandiko urakujyana mu modoka itwara abagenzi i Kigali, aho indimi enye zihurira mu rugendo rumwe.
Umwandiko wanditswe na Ganzaa. Abantu bawuvugwamo ni abo gutekerezwa.
(1) Ku wa Mbere mu gitondo, Teta yinjiye mu modoka itwara abagenzi yerekeza mu mujyi. Umushoferi yari afunguye radiyo: umunyamakuru yatangazaga amakuru mu Kinyarwanda kinoze, avuga ku bukangurambaga bwo kwirinda indwara.
(2) Umusore wakiraga amafaranga yahamagaraga abagenzi ati: «Nimwinjire vuba, tugende!» Nyuma, abwira umushoferi ijambo ry'Igiswahili ngo yihute. Iruhande rwa Teta hari umucuruzi wavuganaga kuri telefone n'umukiriya wo mu gihugu cy'igituranyi, akavuga Igiswahili, rimwe na rimwe akavangamo Igifaransa.
(3) Inshuti ya Teta, Kevin, yinjira ku cyapa gikurikiyeho. «Uraho, Teta! Ejo nize cyane, but exam iracyankanga,» aravuga. Teta araseka: «Nawe uvanga indimi nk'umucuruzi!» Kevin ati: «Si njye wenyine: n'umwarimu wacu w'ubugenge avanga Icyongereza n'Ikinyarwanda iyo asobanura.»
(4) Imbere yabo, umukecuru yasomaga urupapuro yahawe ku kigo nderabuzima. Abwira Teta ati: «Mwana wanjye, ibi byanditswe mu ndimi ebyiri; nsomera igice cy'Ikinyarwanda, amaso yanjye ntakibona neza.» Teta asoma: «Kwiyandikisha mu bwisungane mu kwivuza ni ngombwa.» Umukecuru amushimira, avuga ko iyo amakuru y'ubuzima ari mu Kinyarwanda, buri wese ayumva.
(5) Ku cyapa cya nyuma, Teta abona icyapa kinini cyamamaza, cyanditse mu Cyongereza gusa. Yibaza ati: «Ese uyu mukecuru yacyumva? Ni nde cyandikiwe?» Muri iryo joro, yandika mu ikayi ye: «Indimi zose zifite akamaro, ariko buri rurimi rufite aho rukorera. Iyo duhisemo ururimi tuvugamo, tuba duhisemo n'abo tuvugisha.»
| Ijambo | Icyo risobanura |
|---|---|
| iyigandimi | ubumenyi bwiga isano iri hagati y'ururimi n'umuryango |
| ururimi kavukire | ururimi umuntu yigiye mu muryango akiri muto |
| ururimi rw'igihugu | ururimi ruranga igihugu n'abaturage bacyo |
| ururimi rwemewe mu butegetsi | ururimi itegeko ryemera gukoreshwa mu nyandiko n'imirimo y'ubutegetsi |
| ururimi rw'ubwumvikane | ururimi abantu badasangiye ururimi kavukire bakoresha ngo bumvikane |
| kuvanga indimi | gukoresha amagambo cyangwa interuro by'indimi zirenze imwe mu kiganiro kimwe |
| ubwisungane mu kwivuza | gahunda abantu batanga umusanzu kugira ngo bavurwe ku giciro gito |
1. Vuga indimi enye zumvikanye mu rugendo rwa Teta n'aho buri rurimi rwakoreshejwe.
2. Kuki umucuruzi yakoresheje Igiswahili?
3. Garagaza interuro Kevin yavanzemo indimi. Ni izihe ndimi?
4. Umukecuru yavuze iki ku makuru y'ubuzima yanditse mu Kinyarwanda?
5. Gusesengura: Sobanura interuro Teta yanditse: «Iyo duhisemo ururimi tuvugamo, tuba duhisemo n'abo tuvugisha.»
Definition
Iyigandimi ni ishami ry'ubumenyi bw'indimi ryiga isano iri hagati y'ururimi n'umuryango: uko abantu bakoresha indimi bitewe n'aho bari, abo bavugana, imyaka yabo, akazi kabo, n'uko amategeko n'ubuyobozi bigena imikoreshereze y'indimi.
Ubwinshi bw'indimi ni imimerere y'umuntu cyangwa igihugu gikoresha indimi zirenze imwe.
| Ingeri | Icyo yiga | Urugero mu mwandiko |
|---|---|---|
| Ubwinshi bw'indimi | uko indimi nyinshi zibana mu muryango umwe | indimi enye mu modoka imwe |
| Kuvanga no guhinduranya indimi | impamvu n'uburyo abantu bavanga indimi | «Ejo nize cyane, but exam iracyankanga» |
| Imvugo z'amatsinda | imvugo z'urubyiruko, iz'umwuga, iz'akarere | imvugo y'abatwara abagenzi |
| Ururimi n'imyumvire | agaciro abantu baha indimi | icyapa cyanditse mu Cyongereza gusa |
| Politiki y'indimi | uko amategeko agena indimi | urupapuro rw'ikigo nderabuzima mu ndimi ebyiri |
| Indimi shami | itandukaniro ry'ururimi rumwe bitewe n'akarere | (isomo rikurikira) |
Worked example
Urugero rwa 1: Gusesengura kuvanga indimi
Interuro: «Ejo nize cyane, but exam iracyankanga.»
Worked example
Urugero rwa 2: Guhitamo ururimi bitewe n'abo ubwira
| Imimerere | Ururimi rukwiye | Impamvu |
|---|---|---|
| Ubukangurambaga bwo gukingira abana mu cyaro | Ikinyarwanda | buri wese aracyumva |
| Inama y'abacuruzi bo mu bihugu by'akarere | Igiswahili cyangwa Icyongereza | ni zo ndimi z'ubwumvikane |
| Ikiganiro cy'urubyiruko kuri radiyo | Ikinyarwanda (gishobora kuvangamo amagambo make y'urubyiruko) | kwegera abacyumva |
Warning
Kuvanga indimi si icyaha, ariko gifite aho kitajya. Mu nyandiko z'ubutegetsi, mu itangazamakuru rinoze no mu bizamini, koresha ururimi rumwe rukwiye kandi ruboneye.
Ntukavuge ko ururimi runaka «ruruta» urundi: buri rurimi rufite agaciro n'aho rukorera. Iyigandimi isobanura uko indimi zikoreshwa, ntizicira urubanza.
Practice
Imyitozo
Tanga inshoza y'iyigandimi, uvuge ingeri zayo eshatu.
Tandukanya ururimi kavukire, ururimi rw'igihugu n'ururimi rwemewe mu butegetsi, ukoresheje ingero zo mu Rwanda.
Ni izihe ndimi enye zemewe mu butegetsi mu Rwanda? Ni iyihe yongewemo vuba, ryari?
Andika iyi nteruro mu Kinyarwanda kiboneye: «Weekend ishize twagiye kureba match, ariko team yacu yatsinzwe.»
Kuki amakuru y'ubuzima akwiye gutangwa mu Kinyarwanda mbere na mbere? Tanga impamvu ebyiri.
Kora ubushakashatsi buto: andika interuro eshanu wumvise abantu bavanga indimi mu cyumweru kimwe, maze usesengure impamvu z'ivangwa ry'indimi muri buri nteruro.
1. Iyigandimi ni ishami ry'ubumenyi bw'indimi ryiga isano y'ururimi n'umuryango. Ingeri: ubwinshi bw'indimi; kuvanga indimi; imvugo z'amatsinda; ururimi n'imyumvire; politiki y'indimi; indimi shami.
2. Ururimi kavukire: urwo wigiye mu muryango (Ikinyarwanda ku Banyarwanda benshi). Ururimi rw'igihugu: uruhuza abaturage kandi ruranga igihugu (Ikinyarwanda). Ururimi rwemewe mu butegetsi: urwo itegeko ryemera mu mirimo y'ubutegetsi (Ikinyarwanda, Icyongereza, Igifaransa, Igiswahili).
3. Ikinyarwanda, Icyongereza, Igifaransa n'Igiswahili; Igiswahili cyongewemo mu 2017.
4. «Mu mpera z'icyumweru gishize twagiye kureba umukino, ariko ikipe yacu yatsinzwe.»
5. Ikinyarwanda kivugwa n'Abanyarwanda hafi bose, bityo amakuru agera kuri buri wese, harimo abatize indimi z'amahanga; amakuru y'ubuzima asobanutse arokora ubuzima.
6. Bisuzumwa hakurikijwe: interuro eshanu nyakuri; indimi zivanzwe zerekanywe; impamvu (akamenyero, kubura ijambo, kwiyerekana, abo avugana) zisobanuwe.
Ibyo kwibuka
Sources and credits
Umwandiko «Indimi enye mu rugendo rumwe», igishushanyo cy'imikoreshereze y'indimi (SVG), imbonerahamwe, ingero, imyitozo n'ibisubizo: Written by Ganzaa.
Imimerere y'indimi zemewe ishingiye ku Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y'u Rwanda ryo mu 2003 ryavuguruwe mu 2015 (ingingo ya 8) no ku itegeko ryo mu 2017 ryemeje Igiswahili nk'ururimi rwemewe mu butegetsi.
