Imiyoborere Myiza
Senior 6 · Kinyarwanda (Languages)
Imiyoborere Myiza
Lesson 4 of 4
25 min
Iyo igihugu gitera imbere, ururimi rwacyo narwo rukenera amagambo mashya: ay'ikoranabuhanga, ay'ubuhinzi bugezweho, ay'ubukungu. Rimwe na rimwe Ikinyarwanda kirayahanga, ubundi kikayatira mu zindi ndimi. Uyu mwandiko uvuga umuyobozi wa koperative wabaye intangarugero, kandi amagambo akoresha mu kazi ke azagufasha kwiga amuga n'amagambo y'amatirano.
Umwandiko wanditswe na Ganzaa. Abantu na koperative bivugwamo ni ibyo gutekerezwa.
(1) Mukamurenzi yatorewe kuyobora koperative y'abahinzi b'ibigori ubwo yari afite imyaka makumyabiri n'umunani. Bamwe mu banyamuryango bakuze bavuze ko ari muto. Yabasubije ati: «Mumpe umwaka umwe. Nimutabona impinduka, muzantore undi.»
(2) Ikintu cya mbere yakoze ni ugushyira amakuru yose ku mugaragaro. Yashyize ku rubaho rwa koperative imbonerahamwe y'amafaranga yinjiye n'ayasohotse buri kwezi, kandi buri munyamuryango yashoboraga kureba konti ya koperative muri banki.
(3) Ikintu cya kabiri ni ubumenyi. Yatumiye abajyanama b'ubuhinzi, bigisha abanyamuryango gukoresha imbuto z'indobanure n'inyongeramusaruro ku rugero rukwiye, no guca amaterasi y'indinganire ku misozi ihanamye. Amagambo amwe yari mashya ku bahinzi, maze Mukamurenzi akandika ku kibaho buri jambo n'icyo risobanura.
(4) Ikintu cya gatatu ni ikoranabuhanga. Koperative yaguze mudasobwa, Mukamurenzi yigisha urubyiruko rwa koperative kwandika umusaruro wa buri munyamuryango no kohereza ubutumwa kuri telefone bumenyesha ibiciro by'isoko.
(5) Umwaka urangiye, umusaruro wa koperative wari wariyongereye, kandi nta munyamuryango wari ukibaza aho amafaranga ajya. Wa musaza wari wavuze ko ari muto arahaguruka mu nteko rusange, ati: «Twavugaga ko ari muto. None yatubereye intangarugero: ubuyobozi si imyaka, ni ibikorwa.»
| Ijambo | Icyo risobanura |
|---|---|
| intangarugero | umuntu abandi bareberaho, ukwiye kwiganwa |
| imbonerahamwe | ishusho y'imirongo n'inkingi itondekanya amakuru ngo abonerwe hamwe |
| imbuto z'indobanure | imbuto zatoranyijwe kandi zatunganyijwe ngo zitange umusaruro mwinshi |
| inyongeramusaruro | ifumbire n'ibindi byongerwa mu butaka ngo byongere umusaruro |
| amaterasi y'indinganire | imirima icibwa ku misozi ihanamye ikaringanizwa, ngo irinde isuri |
| mudasobwa | igikoresho cy'ikoranabuhanga kibika kandi kigatunganya amakuru |
| konti | aho amafaranga y'umuntu cyangwa y'ikigo abikwa muri banki |
1. Kuki bamwe mu banyamuryango bashidikanyaga kuri Mukamurenzi? Yabasubije ate?
2. Vuga ibikorwa bitatu by'ingenzi Mukamurenzi yakoze.
3. Ni iki yakoze kugira ngo abahinzi bumve amagambo mashya?
4. Ni iki cyerekana ko yakoreraga mu mucyo?
5. Gusesengura: Sobanura interuro y'umusaza: «ubuyobozi si imyaka, ni ibikorwa».
Definition
Amuga ni amagambo yihariye akoreshwa mu mwuga cyangwa mu bumenyi runaka (ubuhinzi, ubuvuzi, ikoranabuhanga, imibare…), afite inyito isobanutse muri uwo murimo: inyongeramusaruro, amaterasi y'indinganire, mudasobwa.
Amagambo y'amatirano ni amagambo Ikinyarwanda cyatiye mu zindi ndimi, kikayahindura ngo ahuze n'imiterere yacyo y'amajwi n'iy'inteko: ikaramu (Igiswahili kalamu), banki (Igifaransa banque).
| Uburyo | Uko bukora | Ingero |
|---|---|---|
| Gukomatanya amagambo | amagambo abiri cyangwa arenga ahinduka ijambo rimwe | inyongeramusaruro (yongera + umusaruro), imbonerahamwe (bona + hamwe), ikoranabuhanga (ikora + ubuhanga), indangururamajwi |
| Kwagura inyito y'ijambo risanzwe | ijambo rya kera rihabwa inyito nshya | urubuga (ikibuga → urubuga rwa murandasi), imbuto z'indobanure |
| Guhanga ijambo rishya | ijambo rishya rikurwa ku gicumbi cy'Ikinyarwanda | mudasobwa |
| Gutira | ijambo ry'urundi rurimi rihindurwa | telefone, interineti, konti |
Impamvu zituma Ikinyarwanda gitira amagambo: ibintu bishya byazanywe n'ubucuruzi, idini, ishuri n'ubutegetsi; imibanire n'abavuga izindi ndimi (Igiswahili mu bucuruzi, Igifaransa mu gihe cy'ubukoroni, Icyongereza vuba aha); kubura ijambo ry'Ikinyarwanda rihura n'ikintu gishya.
Amategeko y'ihindurwa:
Worked example
Urugero rwa 1: Gusesengura ijambo ry'itirano «ishuri»
Worked example
Urugero rwa 2: Amuga cyangwa itirano?
| Ijambo | Igisubizo | Impamvu |
|---|---|---|
| inyongeramusaruro | amuga (yahanzwe) | ikomatanyije amagambo y'Ikinyarwanda |
| konti | amuga y'itirano | rikoreshwa mu bukungu, ryatiwe mu Gifaransa compte |
| isabune | itirano (si amuga) | ryatiwe mu Giswahili sabuni, ariko ni ijambo risanzwe rya buri munsi |
Icyitonderwa: ijambo rishobora kuba amuga n'itirano icyarimwe; amuga bivuga umwuga rikoreshwamo, itirano bivuga inkomoko yaryo.
Warning
Ntukitiranye gutira n'ukuvanga indimi. Ijambo ry'itirano ryahinduwe rikaba iry'Ikinyarwanda (banki, ikaramu). Kuvuga «ndi busy» si gutira: ni ukuvanga indimi, kandi Ikinyarwanda gifite amagambo akwiye.
Ntugahimbe inkomoko y'ijambo: iyo utayizi neza, yishakire mu nkoranyamagambo.
Practice
Imyitozo
Tanga inshoza y'amuga n'iy'amagambo y'amatirano.
Vuga uburyo bune bwo guhanga amuga, utange urugero kuri buri buryo.
Sesengura amagambo akomatanyije: (a) imbonerahamwe; (b) indangururamajwi; (c) ikoranabuhanga.
Erekana impinduka zabaye kuri aya magambo y'amatirano: (a) sukari → isukari; (b) dirisha → idirishya; (c) compte → konti.
Kuki ijambo kitabu ryabaye igitabo aho kuba «ikitabu»?
Shaka mu masomo yawe y'ubumenyi (imibare, ubugenge, ubutabire, ubuhinzi) amuga atanu y'Ikinyarwanda, usobanure buri rimwe n'uburyo ryahanzwe.
1. Amuga: amagambo yihariye y'umwuga cyangwa ubumenyi runaka. Amagambo y'amatirano: amagambo Ikinyarwanda cyatiye mu zindi ndimi kikayahindura ngo ahuze n'imiterere yacyo.
2. Gukomatanya (inyongeramusaruro); kwagura inyito (urubuga); guhanga ijambo rishya (mudasobwa); gutira (telefone).
3. (a) bona + hamwe: ishusho ibonerwamo amakuru hamwe; (b) ndangurura + amajwi: igikoresho kirangurura amajwi; (c) ikora + ubuhanga: ubumenyi bukora ibikoresho bigezweho.
4. (a) indomo i-; (b) indomo i-, sh → shy; (c) amajwi y'Igifaransa ahindurwa, ijambo rirangizwa n'inyajwi -i.
5. Kuko ki- ya kitabu yafashwe nk'indanganteko y'inteko ya 7 (iki-), maze ihinduka igi- kubera itegeko rya Dahl: k ihinduka g iyo ikurikiwe n'ingombajwi ivugwa nta jwi ry'umuhogo nka t (nk'uko iki-ti iba igiti). U ya nyuma ihinduka o. Ubwinshi ni ibitabo (inteko ya 8).
6. Bisuzumwa hakurikijwe: amuga atanu nyakuri; ibisobanuro byayo; uburyo yahanzwe (gukomatanya, kwagura inyito, guhanga, gutira).
Ibyo kwibuka
Further reading
Ibitabo byo gusoma
Sources and credits
Umwandiko «Yabaye intangarugero», igishushanyo cy'ihindurwa ry'amatirano (SVG), imbonerahamwe, ingero, imyitozo n'ibisubizo: Written by Ganzaa.
